Arduino je elektronska ploščica (PCB), ki je bila narejena z namenom šolskega pripomočka na področju elektronike in programiranja. Gre pravzaprav za mali računalnik, v katerega lahko vnesemo lastno programsko kodo. Pogovorno rečemo, da je Arduino mikrokrmilnik. To ni tehnično pravilno, ker je Atmelov mikrokrmilnik samo ena izmed mnogih komponet na elektronski ploščici. Pravzaprav imamo dva mikrokrmilnika na večini Arduino ploščic. En je glavni mikrokrmilnik na keterema nalagamo program in ga on izvaja. Drugi je vmesnik za USB komunikacijo z računalnikom.
Originalno Arduino izhaja iz Italije. Podjetje dizajnira in prodaja elektronske ploščice. Za veliko popularnost je pripomoglo dejstvo, da podjetje strojno opremo podaja kot odprtokodno. Posledično so jih začeli izdelovati v Aziji in jih prodajati po celem svetu. Velike količine pa so močno znižale ceno.
Pravzaprav veliko. Kar se začetnika tiče zelo zelo veliko. Bolj smo omejeni z znanjem in domišljijo. Lahko krmilimo vse od LED diod, raznih LED prikazovalnikov, LCD prikazovalnikov, OLED prikazovalnikov, relejev, vekalanih relejev, SSR relejev, hobby servo motorjev, NEMA koračnih motorjev, robote itd.
Arduino svet je modularen. To pomeni, da imamo na voljo zelo veliko število LEGO kock, ki jih skupaj po žiljo povezujemo. Modularnost je mišljena na strojni kot na programski strani. Ker tudi na program lahko gledamo kot na LEGO kocke. Iz raznih primerov vzamemo tisto kar potrebujemo, ostalo preprosto pobrišemo.
In smo ponovno pri LEGO kockah. Nadgradnje so dodatni specialni moduli, ki nadgradijo strojno opremo (hardware). Uporabimo tisto, ki je za naš projekt primerna seveda. Nadgradenj je mnogo vrst in jih je iz dneva v dan več. Naprimer motorna nadgradnja, LCD nadgradnja, nadgradnja za CNC/3D tiskalnik, mp3 nadgradnja, GPS nadgradnja, …
Poznamo veliko razičic Arduino krmilnikov. Lahko jih delimo na fizično verzijo glavnega mikrokrmilnika:
Sem mikrokrmilnik je po lastnostih enak. Le fizično je drugače pakiran.
Arduino krmilnike delimo tudi na tip USB konektorja:
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